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Author SHA1 Message Date
Daniel G. Mevec
80f2f7bdb8 add EDM acronym 2025-04-07 18:23:56 +02:00
Daniel G. Mevec
9f3f1d5073 specify some quantities 2025-04-07 18:21:26 +02:00
2 changed files with 16 additions and 25 deletions

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@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Publication~\ref{apx:pub3} shows all 8 samples, which were all etched to show th
\subsection*{Results}
Since the rods were through-hardened, linear hardness measurements would yield little information, so a surface scan of hardness tests was conducted and stitched together over both samples \textbf{2g} and \textbf{3g}, yielding the distribution shown in figure~\ref{fig:hardness-results-rod}.
From this distribution (and the kerf from figure~\ref{fig:hardness-samples-cut-rod}, the heated zone can be measured to be \qty{00}{mm}?? at the surface and \qty{00}{mm}?? in the rod's center.
From this distribution (and the kerf from figure~\ref{fig:hardness-samples-cut-rod}) the heated zone can be measured to be \qty{42}{mm} at the surface and \qty{38}{mm} in the rod's center.
Further the steep hardness gradient at the edges indicates a similarly steep temperature gradient.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ The since the crankshaft's hardening profile was more complex and varied around
The as-hardened bearing was hterefore cut into eight slices at \ang{45} angles, and to keep measurement effort reasonable, three points of interest were defined: One at the centers of the bearing journal surface and the two fillets that transition into the bearing webs.
Measurement lines starting at \qty{0.2}{\mm} depth with test points every \qty{0.4}{\mm} ran until a hardness plateau under \qty{400}{HV1} was reached, which signified the untreated base material (figunre~\ref{fig:hardness_lf}).
With this cut-off point, the resulting hardness lines could yield information about the case hardening depth around the circumference.
Figure~\ref{fig:hardness_depth} shows the case hardening depth at the bearing center to be somewhat constant (between \qtyrange{4}{5}{\mm}??) while the dteph at the notches shows more extreme variation of \qtyrange{3}{6}{\mm}, with it's maximum at the center's minimum position at \ang{180}.
Figure~\ref{fig:hardness_depth} shows the case hardening depth at the bearing center to be somewhat constant (between \qtyrange{3.7}{5.2}{\mm}) while the dteph at the notches shows more extreme variation of \qtyrange{3.2}{6.1}{\mm}, with it's maximum at the center's minimum position at \ang{180}.
This interaction can easily be explained by thebearing web's effect on the heated zone:
The webs guide the magnetic flux and thus the heat generation up somewhat leaving a radius for the notches to show ``true'' hardening depth while the diagonal measurements cut through a rather strainght segment at the \ang{180} position.
Figures to how the etched micrographs of the \ang{0} and \ang{180} positions to show the hardened zones ??? reference to publication~\ref{apx:pub2}??
Figures to how the etched micrographs of the \ang{0} and \ang{180} positions to show the hardened zones ? reference to publication~\ref{apx:pub2}??
\begin{figure}
@ -98,32 +98,28 @@ The trade-off was accepting a relaxation of tangential residual stresses, that w
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Abbildungen/KW_sample_cut-1.png}} \\
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Abbildungen/KW_sample_cut-2.png}} \\
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Abbildungen/KW_sample_cut-3.png}} \\
\caption{Steps of sample extraction for the synchrotron experiments. Cuts going from \textbf{(b)} to \textbf{(c)} were done by electrical discharge machining, }
\label{fig:hexrd-sample-prep}
\subfloat{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Abbildungen/KW_sample_cut-1.png}} \\
\subfloat{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Abbildungen/KW_sample_cut-2.png}} \\
\subfloat{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Abbildungen/KW_sample_cut-3.png}} \\
\caption{Steps of sample extraction for the synchrotron experiments. Cuts going from \textbf{(b)} to \textbf{(c)} were done by electrical discharge machining to a thickness of \qty{3}{\mm}?? and then carefully ground to eliminiate surface stresses from the \acrshort{edm} process, resulting in a final thickness of \qty{2.43}{\mm}.}\label{fig:hexrd-sample-prep}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.75\linewidth]{Abbildungen/KW_samples.png}
\caption{Side by side of the three sample plates cut from crank shafts at differetn processing stages: \textbf{2} -- hardened, \textbf{4} -- annealed, \textbf{6} -- ground. The geometric difference of plate \textbf{6} to the others is evidence of a misalignment during sample cutting.}
\label{fig:hexrd-samples-photo}
\caption{Side by side of the three sample plates cut from crank shafts at differetn processing stages: \textbf{2}---hardened, \textbf{4}---annealed, \textbf{6}---ground. The geometric difference of plate \textbf{6} to the others is evidence of a misalignment during sample cutting.}\label{fig:hexrd-samples-photo}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Abbildungen/KW_sample_actual.png}
\caption{Actual sample positions in crankshaft. The dashed black line indicates the intended position, the solid double line shows the path of the oil channel used for alignment.}
\label{fig:hexrd-sample-pos}
\caption{Actual sample positions in crankshaft. The dashed black line indicates the intended position, the solid double line shows the path of the oil channel used for alignment.}\label{fig:hexrd-sample-pos}
\end{figure}
\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\caption{Deviation of actual sample positions for plate samples}
\label{tab:hexrd-sample-pos}
\caption{Deviation of actual sample positions for plate samples}\label{tab:hexrd-sample-pos}
\begin{tabular}{ccrrr}\toprule
Sample ID & processing state & \makecell{Rotation along \\ bearing axis} & \makecell{Distance from \\ bearing axis} & {Thickness} \\ \midrule
2 & hardened & \qty{8.706}{\degree} & \qty{-0.657}{\mm} & \qty{2.43}{\mm} \\
@ -136,8 +132,7 @@ The trade-off was accepting a relaxation of tangential residual stresses, that w
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Abbildungen/KW_hexrd_paths.png}
\caption{remake this in inkscape!!??}
\label{fig:hexrd-paths}
\caption{Measurement paths and paths of \acrshort{hexrd} Measurements. 3 areas were defined so as to cover to \qty{10.5}{\mm} depth.}\label{fig:hexrd-paths}
\end{figure}
@ -149,15 +144,13 @@ The trade-off was accepting a relaxation of tangential residual stresses, that w
\subfloat[Disk 1 - bearing edge]{\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Abbildungen/kw_sample_discs_3.png}} &
\subfloat[Disk 2 - bearing center]{\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Abbildungen/kw_sample_discs_4.png}}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Summary of sample extraction of disks.}
\label{fig:hexrd-disk-pos}
\caption{Summary of sample extraction of disks.}\label{fig:hexrd-disk-pos}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Abbildungen/Disc_Lines.png}
\caption{Line paths for disk samples.}
\label{fig:hexrd-paths-disk}
\caption{Line paths for disk samples.}\label{fig:hexrd-paths-disk}
\end{figure}
@ -165,8 +158,7 @@ The trade-off was accepting a relaxation of tangential residual stresses, that w
\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\caption{HEXRD parameters of the subpaths making up each masurement line}
\label{tab:hexrd-disk-subpaths}
\caption{HEXRD parameters of the subpaths making up each masurement line}\label{tab:hexrd-disk-subpaths}
\begin{tabular}{cccc}\toprule
Depth & Step & Aperture & Exposure \\\midrule
\qtyrange[range-units = single]{-0.10}{1.00}{\mm}&\qty{0.05}{\mm}&\qtyproduct[product-units=power]{0.05 x 0.05}{\mm} & \qty{8}{\s} \\
@ -183,6 +175,5 @@ The trade-off was accepting a relaxation of tangential residual stresses, that w
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Abbildungen/DiskStress_Cart_hardening.png}
\caption{Comparison of hardening and stress transition depth for disks 1 and 2. For disk 1, the comparison is imperfect due to the hardness measurement path being at an angle in the web radius where the disk could only be cut straight down. It does however show the effect of the missing web on the hardened geometry reaching a maximum at \ang{180}.}
\label{fig:hardnesses-disc}
\caption{Comparison of hardening and stress transition depth for disks 1 and 2. For disk 1, the comparison is imperfect due to the hardness measurement path being at an angle in the web radius where the disk could only be cut straight down. It does however show the effect of the missing web on the hardened geometry reaching a maximum at \ang{180}.}\label{fig:hardnesses-disc}
\end{figure}

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@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
\newacronym{trip}{TRIP}{Transformation Induced Plasticity}
\newacronym{cad}{CAD}{Computer Aided Design}
\newacronym{thd}{THD}{Total Harmonic Dissonance}
\newacronym{edm}{EDM}{electric discharge machining}
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